美國(guó)海關(guān)簡(jiǎn)介
時(shí)間(TIME)：2021-07-01 14:10:18
美國(guó)海關(guān)分為兩個(gè)部分，即海關(guān)邊境保護(hù)局（U.S. Customs and Border Protection，簡(jiǎn)稱CBP）與移民海關(guān)執(zhí)法局（U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement，簡(jiǎn)稱ICE），分別負(fù)責(zé)邊境執(zhí)法與案件調(diào)查，于2003年3月1日成立。
一、美國(guó)海關(guān)邊境保護(hù)局（CBP）
CBP的成立使美國(guó)歷史上首次實(shí)現(xiàn)了由一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)統(tǒng)一管理進(jìn)入美國(guó)口岸的人員與貨物。CBP的組建旨在整合口岸執(zhí)法部門的管理資源和管理技能，提高管理效能與效率，實(shí)現(xiàn)在利用一切可支配的資源保護(hù)和防御美國(guó)免遭侵害的同時(shí)便利合法貿(mào)易與合法旅行的目標(biāo)。
?。ㄒ唬〤BP的首要使命與主要職責(zé)
CBP的首要使命是防范恐怖分子和恐怖武器進(jìn)入美國(guó)。為此，CBP將著力增強(qiáng)美國(guó)邊境及各口岸的安全，并把美國(guó)的安全區(qū)擴(kuò)展至美國(guó)的地理邊境之外，從而使美國(guó)的邊境由第一道防線變?yōu)樽詈笠坏婪谰€。
CBP的主要職責(zé)還有：緝捕非法入境者和查禁毒品及其他違禁品，保護(hù)農(nóng)業(yè)及經(jīng)濟(jì)利益免遭有害動(dòng)植物和疾病侵害，保護(hù)美國(guó)商業(yè)免遭知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)損害，規(guī)范與便利國(guó)際貿(mào)易，征收進(jìn)口關(guān)稅，執(zhí)行美國(guó)貿(mào)易法律。
?。ǘ〤BP的安全與便利戰(zhàn)略
作為美國(guó)單一的邊境管理機(jī)構(gòu)，CBP對(duì)保護(hù)美國(guó)及其國(guó)民承擔(dān)至關(guān)重要的責(zé)任。CBP采取的增強(qiáng)安全與便利合法貿(mào)易及旅行的戰(zhàn)略是：
?。倪M(jìn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)目標(biāo)甄別系統(tǒng)，推進(jìn)提前獲取抵達(dá)美國(guó)的人員與貨物的信息；
?。c其他國(guó)家（地區(qū)）政府和與企業(yè)建立伙伴關(guān)系，以推進(jìn)“向外擴(kuò)展安全區(qū)”；
?。褂妙A(yù)先檢查技術(shù)，配置有關(guān)裝備；
?。黾舆吘嘲踩O(jiān)管人力；
?。瓡?huì)同其他機(jī)構(gòu)聯(lián)手打擊貿(mào)易瞞騙、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)、洗錢等活動(dòng)，以及協(xié)調(diào)對(duì)非法毒品的控制下交付。
二、美國(guó)移民海關(guān)執(zhí)法局（ICE）
ICE擁有約3萬名工作人員，是聯(lián)邦政府中最大的調(diào)查機(jī)構(gòu)之一。該局是國(guó)土安全部下轄的主要調(diào)查機(jī)構(gòu)，被賦予了多項(xiàng)職責(zé)：截?cái)嗫植廊谫Y、反洗錢、打擊非法武器買賣、打擊移民詐騙和販賣人口、拘留并驅(qū)逐外來犯罪分子和其他美國(guó)認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)驅(qū)逐的外國(guó)人。另外，該局還監(jiān)督國(guó)內(nèi)移民和海關(guān)法律的實(shí)施，對(duì)約9000項(xiàng)聯(lián)邦設(shè)施實(shí)施保護(hù)。
三、“9.11”后美國(guó)海關(guān)推出的反恐安全行動(dòng)
美國(guó)盾牌計(jì)劃(Project Shield America)：美國(guó)海關(guān)打擊國(guó)際恐怖主義有兩方面使命：一是保護(hù)美國(guó)公眾，阻止大規(guī)模殺傷性武器及其他恐怖器具進(jìn)入美國(guó)；另一是防止國(guó)際恐怖分子和犯罪組織從美國(guó)及美國(guó)以外獲得制造大規(guī)模殺傷性武器的材料和技術(shù)，以及軍火、資金及其它支持。2001年12月4日，美國(guó)海關(guān)推出美國(guó)盾牌計(jì)劃，旨在同美國(guó)有關(guān)企業(yè)合作，制止列名武器和軍民兩用戰(zhàn)略敏感技術(shù)出口，防范其技術(shù)產(chǎn)品被恐怖分子和資助恐怖分子的國(guó)家所利用和獲取。
集裝箱安全倡議（CSI）：美國(guó)海關(guān)2002年1月推出這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃，旨在增強(qiáng)海運(yùn)貨物集裝箱的安全，防止其被恐佈分子利用。海運(yùn)集裝箱貨運(yùn)是國(guó)際貿(mào)易的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，每年進(jìn)出全球各主要港口的海運(yùn)貨物集裝箱多達(dá)2億只，美國(guó)進(jìn)口總值中近50%是海運(yùn)集裝箱貨物。CSI的核心是美國(guó)海關(guān)向重要的境外海港派駐檢查員，在貨物集裝箱運(yùn)往美國(guó)之前先行甄別。美國(guó)海關(guān)的派駐官員與實(shí)施CSI港口的海關(guān)官員一道工作時(shí)，能夠監(jiān)測(cè)該港運(yùn)往美國(guó)集裝箱中潛在的大規(guī)模殺傷性武器。由于運(yùn)往美國(guó)的海運(yùn)集裝箱近70%經(jīng)由世界20個(gè)大港發(fā)出，因此美國(guó)海關(guān)首先將這20大港作為推行CSI的重點(diǎn)（其中涉及我國(guó)港口為：香港、上海和深圳）。美國(guó)海關(guān)還將在其他輸美集裝箱量大且具備設(shè)施與技術(shù)條件的港口推廣CSI。
海關(guān)-商界反恐伙伴計(jì)劃(C-TPAT)：美國(guó)海關(guān)推出的這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃是其應(yīng)對(duì)恐佈威脅整體戰(zhàn)略的組成部分，旨在由政府和商界共同構(gòu)建和維護(hù)一個(gè)安全的供應(yīng)鏈，保證貿(mào)易高度守法以提供可靠的通關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)布控信息，使海關(guān)既能快捷辦理加入C－TPAT企業(yè)的進(jìn)口通關(guān)手續(xù)并即時(shí)解決其所遇問題，又能確保邊境安全與反恐。C－TPAT利用目前商界為保障國(guó)際貨運(yùn)不被恐怖分子及其同謀利用而采用的安全程序，并進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了要求。加入C－TPAT的企業(yè)需自我評(píng)估其供應(yīng)鏈的安全程序，找出薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，加強(qiáng)安全措施；還需承諾同供應(yīng)鏈各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的服務(wù)供應(yīng)商共同努力來增強(qiáng)其在全球的安全程序與安全進(jìn)程。
24小時(shí)（提前申報(bào)）規(guī)則 ( 24-Hour Rules): 2002年8月，美國(guó)海關(guān)提出實(shí)行24小時(shí)提前申報(bào)規(guī)則的建議，2002年12月2日，“24小時(shí)規(guī)則”正式生效。這項(xiàng)規(guī)則規(guī)定，自2002年12月2日，對(duì)于所有輸往美國(guó)的海運(yùn)貨物，承運(yùn)人必須于貨物在境外港口裝船之前24小時(shí)向美國(guó)海關(guān)申報(bào)貨運(yùn)艙單信息。
30點(diǎn)智能邊境協(xié)議(30-Point Smart Border Accord)：美國(guó)賓夕法尼亞州州長(zhǎng)里奇與加拿大副總理Manley于2001年12月簽署了“智能邊境”聲明及其30點(diǎn)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，以在便利人員與貨物合法流動(dòng)的同時(shí)，增強(qiáng)美國(guó)與加拿大間邊境的安全。行動(dòng)計(jì)劃的4大基點(diǎn)是：人員安全流動(dòng)、貨物安全流動(dòng)、保障設(shè)施安全、信息共享與協(xié)同執(zhí)法。
The U.S. Customs is divided into two parts, namely, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) , which are responsible for border law enforcement and case investigation, and were established on March 1, 2003.
1、 CBP
The establishment of CBP made the United States realize the first time in the history of the United States that the personnel and goods entering the U.S. port were managed by a single organization. CBP is designed to integrate the management resources and management skills of port law enforcement departments, improve management efficiency and achieve the goal of facilitating legal trade and legal travel while using all available resources to protect and defend the United States from infringement.
（1） The primary mission and main responsibilities of CBP
The primary mission of CBP is to prevent terrorists and weapons from entering the United States. Therefore, CBP will focus on enhancing the security of the UCBP's main responsibilities include: arrest illegal immigrants and interdict drugs and other prohibited goods, protect agricultural and economic interests from harmful animals and plants and diseases, protect American commerce from infringement of intellectual property rights, regulate and facilitate international trade, collect import duties, and implement U.S. trade laws.
(2） CBP security and convenience strategy
As a single border management agency in the United States, CBP is of vital importance to the protection of the United States and its nationals. CBP's strategy to enhance security and facilitate legitimate trade and travel as followings:
- improve the risk target screening system and advance access to information on personnel and goods arriving in the United States;
- partnership with governments and enterprises of other countries (regions) to promote "outward expansion of security zones";
- use pre inspection technology to configure relevant equipment;
- increase border security supervision manpower;
- cooperate with other agencies to combat trade fraud, intellectual property infringement, money laundering and other activities, and coordinate the delivery of illegal drugs under control.
2、 Immigration Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE)
ICE has about 30000 staff and is one of the largest investigative agencies in the federal government. The Bureau, the main investigative body under the Department of homeland security, has been entrusted with a number of responsibilities: cutting off terrorist financing, anti money laundering, combating illegal arms sales, combating immigration fraud and trafficking in human beings, detaining and expelling foreign criminals and other foreigners that the United States considers should be expelled. In addition, the agency oversees the implementation of domestic immigration and customs laws and protects some 9000 federal facilities.
3、 Anti terrorism security action launched by U.S. Customs after "9.11"
Project shield America: the United States Customs has two missions to combat international terrorism:
first, to protect the American public and prevent WMD and other terrorist instruments from entering the United States; The other is to prevent international terrorists and criminal organizations from acquiring materials and technologies, as well as arms, funds and other support for the manufacture of weapons of mass destruction from outside the United States and the United States. On December 4, 2001, the U.S. Customs launched the U. CSI: the U.S. Customs launched the plan in January2002 to enhance the safety of shipping containers and prevent them from being used by terrorists. Shipping container freight is the key link of international trade. There are up to 200 million sea freight containers entering and leaving major ports in the world every year, and nearly 50% of the total import value of the United States is marine container goods. The core of CSI is that the customs of the United States send inspectors to important overseas seaports, and identify them before the cargo containers are transported to the United States. When working with customs officers implementing CSI ports, U.S. Customs officers are able to monitor potential weapons of mass destruction in the port's containers to the United States. Since nearly 70% of the shipping containers to the United States are sent through 20 ports in the world, the U. The U.S. Customs will also promote CSI in other ports with large container volume and facilities and technical conditions.
C-TPAT: the U, The customs can not only handle the import customs clearance procedures of joining C-TPAT enterprises quickly, and solve the problems encountered by them immediately, but also ensure border security and anti-terrorism.
C-TPAT has further strengthened its requirements by using the current security procedures adopted by the business community to ensure that international freight is not used by terrorists and their accomplices. The enterprises that join C-TPAT need to evaluate their safety procedures of supply chain, find out the weak points and strengthen safety measures; It is also necessary to commit to working with service providers in all parts of the supply chain to enhance their global security procedures and security processes.
24-hour rules: in August 2002, the United States Customs proposed to implement the 24-hour advance declaration rules, and on December 2, 2002, the "24-hour rules" came into force. This rule provides that, since 2 December 2002, for all marine goods shipped to the United States, the carrier must declare the manifest information to the U.S. Customs 24 hours before the goods are loaded at the foreign port.
30 point smart border Accord: in december2001, governor Richie of Pennsylvania and Canadian Vice Premier Manley signed the statement of "smart border" and its 30 point action plan to enhance the security of the border between the United States and Canada while facilitating the legitimate movement of people and goods. The four basic points of the action plan are: personnel safety flow, goods safety flow, security of facilities, information sharing and collaborative law enforcement.
